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Islamism (; (アラビア語:إسلاموية)), also known as Political Islam, utilizes certain Muslim "doctrines, beliefs and values as the foundation of a political structure that supporters of that ideology have called 'the Islamic State'.".〔Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam1." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887-896.〕 Islamists can have varying interpretations on various Quranic suras and ayahs. Islamist views emphasize the implementation of Sharia (Islamic law); of pan-Islamic political unity; and of the selective removal of non-Muslim, particularly Western military, economic, political, social, or cultural influences in the Muslim world that they believe to be incompatible with Islam.〔(Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism ) by DALE C. EIKMEIER From ''Parameters'', Spring 2007, pp. 85-98. Accessed 6 February 2012〕 Some observers (Graham Fuller) suggest Islamism's tenets are less strict, and can be defined as a form of identity politics or "support for () identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, () revitalization of the community."〔Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 21〕 Following the Arab Spring, Olivier Roy described political Islam as "increasingly interdependent" with political democracy. Islamists generally oppose the use of the term, claiming that their political beliefs and goals are simply an expression of Islamic religious belief. Similarly, some experts (Bernard Lewis) favor the term "activist Islam",〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=International Crisis Group ) 〕〔(Islamic republic ) by Bernard Lewis〕 or "political Islam" (Trevor Stanley), and some (Robin Wright) have equated the term "militant Islam" with Islamism.〔Wright, Robin, ''Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam,''〕 Central and prominent figures of modern Islamism include Hasan al-Banna, Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Maududi,〔 Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 120 〕 and Ruhollah Khomeini.〔 ==Definitions== Islamism has been defined as: * "the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life", * movement of "supporters of government in accord with the laws of Islam () who view the Quran as a political model" (Associated Press's (AP) original definition of "Islamist")〔 * a pejorative shorthand for extremist Muslims or Muslims the American news media "don't like." ("Council on American–Islamic Relations complaint about old AP definition of Islamist) *"a theocratic ideology that seeks to impose any version of Islam over society ''by law''". (Maajid Nawaz, a former Islamist turned critic〔(【引用サイトリンク】first1=Maajid )〕) * "the () ideology that guides society as a whole and that () law must be in conformity with the Islamic sharia",〔Shepard, W. E. ''Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam''. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill., (1996). p. 40〕 * an unsustainably flexible movement of ... everything to everyone: an alternative social provider to the poor masses; an angry platform for the disillusioned young; a loud trumpet-call announcing `a return to the pure religion` to those seeking an identity; a "progressive, moderate religious platform` for the affluent and liberal; ... and at the extremes, a violent vehicle for rejectionists and radicals.〔Osman, Tarek, ''Egypt on the brink'', 2010, p.111〕 * an Islamic "movement that seeks cultural differentiation from the West and reconnection with the pre-colonial symbolic universe",〔Burgat, F, "Islamic Movement", pp. 39-41, 67-71, 309〕 * "the organised political trend, owing its modern origin to the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in 1928, that seeks to solve modern political problems by reference to Muslim texts", * "the whole body of thought which seeks to invest society with Islam which may be integrationist, but may also be traditionalist, reform-minded or even revolutionary",〔 * "the active assertion and promotion of beliefs, prescriptions, laws or policies that are held to be Islamic in character,"〔 * a movement of "Muslims who draw upon the belief, symbols, and language of Islam to inspire, shape, and animate political activity;" which may contain moderate, tolerant, peaceful activists or those who "preach intolerance and espouse violence."〔(Speech by Robert H. Pelletreau, Jr. ), Council on Foreign Relations, May 8, 1996.〕 * a term "used by outsiders to denote a strand of activity which they think justifies their misconception of Islam as something rigid and immobile, a mere tribal affiliation."〔(Coming to Terms, Fundamentalists or Islamists? Martin Kramer ) originally in ''Middle East Quarterly'' (Spring 2003), pp. 65-77.〕〔Ayatollah Fadlallah, in interview by ''Monday Morning'' (Beirut), Aug. 10, 1992. "Fadlallah later revised his position" saying he preferred the phrase 'Islamist movement,' to Islamic 'fundamentalism.' Quoted in ''Coming to Terms: Fundamentalists or Islamists?'' by Martin Kramer〕 * the "often violent and angry version" of Islam that "emerged largely in response to European imperialism", and has become "fashionable" in the late 20th century and early 21st. Islamism takes different forms and spans a wide range of strategies and tactics towards the powers in place -- "destruction, opposition, collaboration, indifference" that have varied as "circumstances have changed" —and thus is not a united movement. Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic Vanguard party but has also gained political influence through military coup d'état in past.〔 The Islamist groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine participate in democratic and political process as well as armed attacks, seeking to abolish the state of Israel. Radical Islamist organizations like al-Qaeda and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, and groups such as the Taliban, entirely reject democracy, often declaring as ''kuffar'' those Muslims who support it (see ''takfirism''), as well as calling for violent/offensive jihad or urging and conducting attacks on a religious basis. Another major division within Islamism is between what Graham E. Fuller has described as the fundamentalist "guardians of the tradition" (Salafis, such as those in the Wahhabi movement) and the "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" centered around the Muslim Brotherhood.〔Fuller, ''The Future of Political Islam'', (2003), p.194-5〕 Olivier Roy argues that "Sunni pan-Islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century" when the Muslim Brotherhood movement and its focus on Islamisation of pan-Arabism was eclipsed by the Salafi movement with its emphasis on "sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions," and rejection of Shia Islam.〔Roy, Olivier, ''The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East'', Columbia University Press, (2008), p.92-3〕 Following the Arab Spring, Roy has described Islamism as "increasingly interdependent" with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world, such that "neither can now survive without the other." While Islamist political culture itself may not be democratic, Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy. At the same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Islamism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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